Posts tagged 6502
VCSLib, A C Library for the Atari 2600
- 05 November 2023
The previous blog post, “Your 8-bit System is a Weird PDP-11”, discussed several challenges faced when developing in C, especially for the Atari 2600/VCS.
We’ve overcome those challenges as best we can, and now we can introduce VCSLib, a support library for programming the Atari 2600/VCS with CC65.
Let’s take a tour.
Your 8-bit System is a Weird PDP-11
- 28 October 2023
The C programming language is the de facto portable, low-level language. It was written with the PDP-11 minicomputer in mind.
The PDP-11 informed the x86 instruction set, and so in a way, we’re still using them. Today’s computers are so complex that they have to bend over backwards to emulate the simple architecture for which C was designed. It leads some to ask if C is a good fit for modern systems.
Likewise, the PDP-11 doesn’t have a lot in common with 80s arcade games. Game programmers in the 8-bit era wrote code predominantly in assembly language. The C language was around, but mostly in UNIX systems. If anything, they would have been more likely to use a homespun language like Zgrass or even FORTH.
Exploring the New 6502 Compiler Based on LLVM
- 16 May 2023
Today, homebrew developers enjoy the convenience of programming the 6502 in C. However, the 6502 is a very different architecture than modern CPUs, and was never designed for C programming.
The 6502 has a small number of 8-bit registers, and limited addressing modes that cannot access the stack efficiently. This makes it difficult to retarget a modern C compiler to the 6502.
In a previous blog post, we explored the process of retargeting a microcontroller C compiler (SDCC) to the 6502. This required development of a brand new code generation backend, which required looking at over 80,000 lines of code. Gabriele Gorla has since improved it to the point where it has been merged into the main SDCC repository.
Retargeting a C Compiler to 6502
- 05 July 2020
I’ve written before about cc65 and some of its optimization challenges. It’s a stable compiler with a robust toolchain, but its code generator doesn’t full advantage of the 6502 when performing 8-bit operations. It places function parameters and many local variables on a separate stack, which requires many calls to helper functions.
I’ve done a survey of 6502 high-level languages, and while many are intriguing, none have the stability and C compatiblity of cc65.
So what’s so hard about the 6502? What’s keeping us from just retargeting a modern C compiler, bringing its powerful optimization routines to 6502? Well, it’s complicated. Like, really complicated.
The Mango One
- 02 September 2019
In 1976, the first 6502-based hobbyist computers were just starting to appear. MOS Technology’s own KIM-1 had a numeric pad and seven-segment display. The competing SYM-1 could draw simple characters on an oscilloscope.
But the real breakthrough would come when the computer could receive input from a full keyboard, and output to a television set. Steve Wozniak demonstrated such a device at Homebrew Computer Club, a 6502-based machine that could drive a 40 column by 24 row character display, and could run Woz’s own Integer BASIC. This device would later be sold as the Apple I.
We’re going to create a similar device in the 8bitworkshop IDE using Verilog.
Optimizing C array lookups for the 6502
- 17 March 2019
Most of the platforms in the IDE that are powerful enough to support a C compiler are Z80-based. The Z80 isn’t the easiest target for C, but at least it has a lot of registers.
While the 6502 only has three 8-bit registers, the 6502 has strengths the Z80 doesn’t, as we’ll see here.
Let’s compare the two dominant C compilers for these CPUs.
We’ll compile a function with the CC65 C compiler for the 6502, and then with the SDCC
(Small Device C Compiler) for the Z80.
We’ll call the function getValue():
New Frontiers in High-Level 6502 Programming
- 19 November 2018
Programming directly in 6502 gets a little fiddly, so a higher-level language can make things easier. There have been many attempts to tame the 6502 to make programming more palatable. Interpreted languages like BASIC, FORTH, and Pascal were popular back in the day, and Infocom games had their own custom VM to run on many platforms. But programmers are a stubborn bunch, and want speed as well as usability.
One approach is to just write a really powerful macro assembler that almost looks like a high-level language. In the 1980s, Lucasfilm developed Macross as “an assembler for people who hate assembly language”. More recently, NESHLA is targeted at NES development, but hasn’t seen much new development since 2005.
It’s been more than 40 years since Chuck Peddle sold the first 6502 samples out of a jar at a trade show. Intrepid developers are still making new languages for the CPU. Here’s a quick survey of some that have been active in the last few years: